There are some glaring problems with our current model of the how the universe formed. Problems, in the sense that our Big Bang model doesn't fit with important astronomical phenomena that we observe. The first problem is that we think the cause of the expansion of celestial matter throughout the universe, is the momentum that matter acquired during the big bang. Our model assumes that momentum and gravity are the primary -- in fact the only -- forces driving the motion of matter. The second problem is that from our model, we calculate that in order for matter to have spread out to where it is now, the big bang had to start from a "singularity". That idea means that the whole universe was contained in a space of infinitely small dimension. As Grocho Marx liked to say, "that's the most ridiculous thing I've ever heard." The singularity idea isn't even marginally believable. The universe may be fantastic. But it isn't magic.
But, even if we accept the singularity concept, our model still doesn't explain why the galaxies are not only maintaining the speed of their expansion away from each other -- instead of slowing down, as our model predicts -- but they are actually "accelerating" away from each other. Experimental observation determines that the celestial expansion is still gaining speed. The Big Bang model will never be able to reconcile that.
In an attempt to make the momentum/gravity based celestial motion model fit what we observe, we hypothesize that there is an enormous quantity of unseen matter -- dark matter -- that is acting on the light matter to draw it away from the big bang location through gravity. Pulling on the matter from the outside. But if you put the dark matter idea into the big bang model, it still doesn't make the theory match what we actually observe. If the big bang includes the dark matter, according to the theory, both types of matter started out expanding together from the singularity, and would expand evenly together. Both types of matter would also be slowing down together after their initial acquisition of momentum. If that was the case, the dark matter couldn't be accelerating the light matter. For that to work, the dark matter would have to have gotten out in front of the light matter, then slow down, or reverse its direction, so it's gravitational affect on the light matter could now be accelerating the light matter further outward toward the dark matter.
What would cause such an uneven pattern of expansion between these two types of matter? And how did the dark matter get farther out than the light matter in the first place? Does the dark matter expand faster, then meet up against the edge of the universe and bounce back? Something like that seems necessary to make the model match what we see. But our theory doesn't say that there is a boundary to the universe. We don't even make the space-time fabric -- which is what would constitute the boundary of our universe -- a working part of our model. If we did, we'd have a much better chance of understanding the motion of the galaxies.
These inconsistencies in our model should point out to us that the model is incomplete. We're missing something important. Instead of looking for the missing dark matter that we hope will make our model work, we should be looking for what is missing from our model. Einstein revealed enough for us to understand what the missing piece is. The essence of this idea is captured in one of the few audio recordings of Einstein's voice.
Click on the link below, to hear Einstein's own voice, reciting the statement below...
Einstein Speaks
He says:
It follows from the Special Theory of Relativity, that mass and energy [are] both, are but different manifestations of the same thing. A somewhat unfamiliar conception, for the average mind. Furthermore, the equation, e is equal m c square, in which energy is put equal to mass, multiplied with the square of the velocity of light, showed, that very small amount of mass, may be converted into a very large amount of energy. And vice-verse. The mass and energy were in fact, equivalent, according to the formula mentioned above. This was demonstrated by Cockroft and Walton in 1932, experimentally.
Mass(or matter) and Energy are but different manifestations of the same thing -- the velocity of that same thing is in Einstein's most famous equation -- squared. That thing, is light. Light is what is missing from our model. Matter consists of light energy that is bound in the form of atoms, where their energy is contained in a particular place in the space-time fabric. The rest of the energy in the universe is unbound light energy or photons. That is what Einstein's space-time fabric is composed of -- moving light. The light fabric is the mechanism by which motion and gravity are executed. And the light fabric has a dynamic nature that cycles through generations of the universe like giant breaths. Expanding, then contracting. That cycle is what generates the motion of the stars -- not the momentum matter acquired during the supposed big bang. The breath-like cycle of the space-time fabric is a bit more complicated than just expanding and contracting. But the breathing analogy is pretty close to how the space-time fabric operates.
I'm going to describe a full universal breath cycle, starting from the point of maximum spacial expansion, to the point of maximum contraction and back again, in 6 stages. When I say expansion and contraction, I refer to the volume of space that the light fabric occupies, not the volume of space that the matter we see with our telescopes occupies. The motion of that celestial matter is generated by the dynamics of the fabric as a whole. Matter plays a role in these dynamics. But light energy flowing in the fabric is what drives the expansion of matter that we observe.
After all the matter in the universe has spent its energy and the stars have stopped burning, the remaining matter will dissipate its energy back into the fabric. Converting its bound light energy back into free light energy. That matter will cease to exist as matter. Almost all of the energy in the universe will be free light, the light fabric. Except for the matter that accumulated in black holes. That matter will gather together into a single giant black hole at the center of the universe. It will contain all the building blocks for the matter in the next generation of the breath cycle. The gravity generated by this black hole will be what slows down, then reverses the expansion of the fabric. Causing the fabric to contract and begin a new cycle.
To describe the dynamics of the light fabric, I want to try to dispel a notion that pervades our thinking about light. The notion that, "light is pure energy. It travels by itself". I'd wager that almost anyone reading this, takes that notion for granted as truth. Because you've heard it your whole life, and likely never seriously considered whether it seems possible, much less reasonable. That notion is bunk! Nothing moves with light's velocity by itself. Light travels at its tremendous speed by interacting with other light. The light fabric is a dynamic sea of free photons sharing their individual directional motions and energies to push off each other to travel. If we could slow time down and look at the motion of individual photons interacting, we would see that they create an interwoven three dimensional network of photons. Very much like the "fabric" term that Einstein used to describe it.
To set up a description of the universal breath cycle, I'm going to describe my own model of how light operates. This model is not accepted science. It's just an idea I came up with recently when I considered seriously, what Einstein showed us about the equivalency of energy and matter, and the nature of the relationship between matter and the space-time fabric. This model assumes that matter and the space-time fabric, both, are composed of light. And all the forces our science describes are easily understood as different manifestations of light energy, within this model. All of these forces work mechanically, through physical contact. At the macro level, as well as at the quantum level. I won't be discussing any quantum effects in describing the dynamics of Einstein's space-time fabric, as it relates to celestial motion. But the Photon Mechanics section below, includes points about how light operates in atoms too. Even though those points aren't necessary to understand the breath cycle.
Photon Mechanics
1. Photons have a spiral shape like a slinky. If you take a slinky and cut it so you have a few pieces with about 10 wraps each, and pull on them enough so they stay stretched out, you can visualize the photon model pretty well. In free travel, photons have a particular circular direction, like a slinky does. The free light of our universe has a clockwise orientation as it moves forward. In matter, the orientation of a photon can be changed by protons and neutrons. The nucleus of an atom generates, from the incoming photons, the proportions of clockwise, or right handed(negative) photons and left handed(positive) photons that it needs to balance the electrical and weak forces keeping its electrons in place.
2. Photons grow and shrink in size as they gain and loose energy. Energy is traded and shared all the time in atoms. It is also traded in free moving photons, at a slower rate than in atoms. Energy is a fungible resource.
3. Photon motion is driven by what can be imagined mechanically as a gear on the inside edge of a photon's slinky shape. Similar to a turning screw. But operating with the internal momentum of its own energy to push on this same mechanism in other photons. This mechanism moves from the head of a photon toward the tail, driving a photon forward when its gears engage the gears of another photon in its path. This force is what drives the motion of free light. And allows bound light to share and trade energy with other photons inside atoms.
4. In free travel, photons are individuated. But in an atoms, they join together to form long photon chains. They actually become single, more energized giant photons. This is what we see reflected in the lines in iron filings around magnets. A positive(left spinning) photon chain goes out one end of a magnet and comes back in the other, recycling it’s energy. Likewise, a piece of a photon can break off from, or be ejected by a photon. We see this in experiments, where certain frequencies of light are shined on atoms. Depending on the energy of the incoming light, the atom ejects a portion of energy very nearly equal to the incoming energy so that the atom maintains its energy balance.
The Universal Breath Cycle
At each stage of the breath cycle, I'll show a picture or two, to represent certain aspects of the light fabric at that stage. The pictures are just two dimensional slices of the space within the boundary of the light fabric that show the direction, energy level and dynamic effects of the fabric at the macro level. Of course, these effects happen in three dimensions, and should be imagined as so. But I hope these two dimensional pictures help demonstrate how the breathing effect operates.
The outermost circle in each picture represents the maximum boundary of the light fabric at the beginning of the cycle. In all the pictures following the first, there is another circle within that one, that shows the boundary of the fabric during that stage. Arrows show direction and magnitude of concentrations of light energy flowing in the fabric. Black holes and celestial matter are shown as black and red circles, respectively.
Stage 1 -- Black Hole Reverses Fabric Expansion
We begin at the point of maximum fabric volume. This would occur after all the stars have spent their fuel. There won't be enough energy in the fabric to maintain the matter of our universe in the form of atoms. All the atoms will dissipate their remaining energy back into the fabric and that matter will cease to exist. Gravity won't have to pull the matter back together because the matter won't be there anymore. But gravity will be the driving force that begins the first stage.
As the fabric cools and expands, and it's volume increases, the energy density in the fabric will decrease. Instead of the highly energized, turbulent flows of energy that are occurring in the fabric now around galaxies, stars and planets, the fabric will become a calm, cold body of photons with relatively low and equalized energy levels. Like a calm sea. The black holes that formed during our generation of the universe will have drawn themselves together at the center of the universe. This giant black hole will draw energy from the fabric, pulling the fabric toward itself. This force, gravity, will eventually slow, then stop and reverse the expansion of the fabric, and begin a new breath cycle. The point at which the fabric volume reaches its maximum and begins to contract is the beginning of Stage 1.
Stage 1 diagram
During Stage 1, the gravity from the black hole will drive a contraction of the light fabric. Energy will flow toward the black hole, which will absorb the energy and continue to demand more energy as the black hole's mass, and therefore its gravitational draw, increases. Relatively more of the light in the fabric, will be heading toward the center. As this happens, the volume of the fabric will contract. The relative energy density in the fabric will increase as this energy is compressed into a smaller space. The temperature will rise. Eventually, the energy level at the center will get high enough for matter to start forming. That's where stage one ends.
Stage 2 -- Matter Formation Begins
During most of this stage, the forces on the fabric, as a whole, will be the same as they were in stage 1. The mass of the black hole will continue to increase and draw more energy, the fabric volume will continue to contract, and the energy level everywhere will keep rising.
Stage 2 diagram
The black hole contains the building blocks of matter that has not yet formed into atoms. Under the light model, these building blocks are what is at the center of electrons and positrons in our current model -- the so called point particle or wave structure, center. Neutrons and protons are made of these components too. There are 8 of them in a neutron and 9 in a proton. They are low energy photons that joined to themselves, head to tail, forming a ring, in the low energy environment of black holes. I call them Hawkrings. They are bit of light that doesn't have a way to move in the fabric by itself. Their light model "gears" are moving though. And this allows free photons to engage and attach to those gears. Sharing energy with them and keeping the gears turning -- keeping the ring alive. As a system, where a number of these rings are joined together into an atom, all the components: the Hawkrings; the gluons; the electrons; and the light energy that binds the nucleus and electrons together, are able to contain a much greater quantity of energy, or mass, than they would individually.
The rings in the black hole aren't bound together and energized with light energy as stage 1 begins, though. They have a much lower mass than they would if they were part of an atom. Each Hawkring would have a mass close to the mass of an electron near absolute zero. The important point about the formation of matter, as it effects the breathing cycle, is that the conversion from Hawkrings into atoms will absorb a tremendous amount of energy -- about as much energy as is in all the matter in our universe now -- and the building of matter will take a long time. The matter formation will be like a huge energy vacuum in the center of the fabric. It will draw the fabric in with tremendous force. And the fabric will respond by sending more light toward it. A momentum toward the vacuum location will build. As the formation completes, the energy draw will slow and almost stop. But the momentum in the fabric, generated by the energy draw, will continue beyond the formation of matter and drive rest of the cycle.
As the matter formation completes, the matter is still gathered around the center. But now it's energy draw decreases. It has absorbed energy from the fabric and become what we know as matter. It will continue to absorb some energy from the fabric, as all matter does, all the time. That is what causes gravity. As well as inertia, and all motion. Matter is constantly exerting forces and using up some of its energy to do so. The fabric feeds energy to the matter, keeping atoms energized at a specific level. The gravitational constant is really a measure of the amount of energy atoms are constantly loosing and replacing with energy from the fabric. So the newly formed matter is still drawing energy at the end of stage 2. But, at this stage, the energy draw is much less than what had been required to build the atoms of which the matter is composed.
Stage 3 -- Matter expansion begins
In stage 3 the momentum of energy toward the center, created by the formation of matter creates an energy concentration centered at the black hole location. Photons have been drawn toward this area and now the energy builds up in the center as it meets and begins to concentrate there.. As this concentration builds, there would be an energy gradient. At the center it would be highest, and as you consider areas farther away from the center, the energy level would be lower. The effect of this energy concentration is like the opposite of gravity. Matter would be pushed away from the concentrated center toward areas of lower relative energy density. This force is what drives the expansion of the matter that will form into galaxies.
Stage 3 diagram
Stage 3.5 diagram
The fabric volume would be close to its minimum during this stage. Perhaps the minimum would occur at the beginning of this stage, when the matter is done forming. But more likely, the momentum in the fabric toward the center continues to drive the volume decrease for a while longer. Certainly, the minimum would have passed by the time matter stops accelerating outward in stage 4.
Stage 4 -- Life stage
As stage 4 begins, the energy concentration is still building, and the expansion of matter continues to accelerate. The expansion continues through the point where the energy concentration reaches its maximum and begins to dissipate. During that whole time, matter will continue to accelerate away from the concentrated center. We are at a point in stage 4 now. If the rate of acceleration of the expansion of matter is increasing, the energy concentration is still building. If the rate is decreasing, the concentration has passed its maximum and is dissipating.
Stage 4 diagram
Stage 4.5 diagram
Toward the end of this stage, the concentration will have dissipated and matter will expand at a steady rate. Carried by its momentum. Life will likely be possible as long as the stars continue to burn. As this stage progresses, the volume of the fabric will increase again and the average energy density in the fabric will decrease.
Stage 5 -- Matter back into Light
Stage 5 begins when the stars run out of fuel and stop burning. By this time, the energy density of the fabric has diminished considerably compared to what it is now. Eventually the matter's energy dissipates back into the fabric. The black holes that began and grew during the breath cycle remain. Their mutual gravity draws them back The black holes that formed during our breath cycle will be drawn my their mutual gravity toward the center, where they form the black hole that will drive the contraction in the fabric that starts the next cycle.
Stage 5 diagram
Stage 5.5 diagram
Stage 6 -- Expansion Reverses
Stage 6 is the final period of fabric expansion, cooling and energy equalization. The fabric becomes cold and energetically smooth again. The gravity from the black hole finally overcomes the expansion of the fabric and the next cycle begins.
Stage 6 diagram
I began this diary with some criticism of our current scientific model. And I've criticized other aspects of our model, in other diaries describing the model I'm working on. Some of my commenters have described me as being "against science" for refuting ideas held by science. As if I'm some kind of heretic, to speak out against anything science has determined is the best explanation we have, so far. I mean no offense to anyone else who believes in the power and success of science to help us to understand our world. I worship scientists, and science. I often wish had been a scientist myself. I just stumbled on this light model accidentally. And now I'm trying to learn as much as I can about what science has discovered to see how the model fits with what has actually been observed. To me, it appears to be the obvious missing piece to our model. Recognizing that the light fabric is real, is the natural extension of what Einstein revealed to us over a century ago.
Scientific advancement doesn't occur only in incremental steps, by slowly advancing existing theories. Sometimes, we see that something is clearly wrong with our model. We abandon the parts of the model that don't work and come up with new ideas to replace them. Galileo abandoned the idea that the earth was the center of the universe and soon Newton understood the laws of motion and gravity. Einstein abandoned several ideas and soon we understood those same laws even better. We also then understood the equivalency of mass and energy, and some important things about the relationship between matter and the space-time fabric. Those two guys advanced our science tremendously by abandoning faulty ideas. Abandoning ideas that don't work is practically the heart of science.
We know a great deal more than we did in Galileo's or Einstein's time. But we still don't know everything about nature. We're not even close. We don't even understand how any of the 4 fundamental forces work mechanically. Many of our current scientific ideas will be overturned before we have a true understanding of nature. And it will be a good thing when the faulty ideas are replaced with more accurate ones.
I came up with a list of 16 ideas widely accepted by science, that I think are wrong. Many, are the ideas that seem like "magic". Others just seem incomplete. Some of these ideas, I've already addressed. I'm going to list them all and address a few of them in some detail, following the list. I'd like to open all of them up for discussion, though.
- Light is pure energy. It moves by itself.
- Gravity is caused by the graviton.
- Momentum and gravity are the only forces driving the expansion of matter in the universe.
- The Big Bang started from a singularity
- Dark matter (or any other type of matter besides the matter that we know) exists.
- Matter is not composed of light.
- The fundamental forces(strong, weak, electric/magnetic, gravity) act at a distance, without physical contact.
- The nucleus of an atom is x 10000 times smaller than the size of an atom.
- Atomic nuclei in elements don't have specific physical structure. They are spinning blobs bound in the nucleus. And an element's properties are determined solely by number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.
- Bond angles in molecules are determined by electron attraction/repulsion.
- Molecules only bond in a valent way with two or more electrons. There are no "univalent bonds". For example, the bonds in ice remain as hydrogen bonds, as they are in water.
- Electric flow in conductors involves the movement of electrons from one atom to another, as opposed to electric energy just flowing between bound electrons.
- Wave/Particle duality. The two-slit experiment wave interference results are explained by giving an electron a wave nature. Instead of recognizing that the waves causing those results are in the light fabric.
- A neutron is heavier than a proton. And can "decompose" into a proton.
- Magnetism is caused by electron configuration, rather than nuclear structure.
- The chemical electron orbit level model. Where electrons orbit the nucleus of an atom at different levels. And only electrons in the outermost shell interact with electrons bound to other atoms.
That's the list. Here are some details on a few items.
- Light is pure energy. It moves by itself.
I've already addressed this. A more accurate statement would be: We don't understand how light moves. We know that all light moves with a constant linear speed. And individual photons vary the pattern they move in, so that photons with varying energy levels travel over differing distances of space as they move in a particular direction. So that the speed with which photons having different energy levels travel, is constant.
Under the light model, the frequency and wavelength of photons is caused by the way photons interact in the light fabric. The sine wave pattern light exhibits is how a highly energized photon can travel in a fabric where the average energy is lower that the photon's. The frequency of a photon's path is a measure of the difference between its own energy and the fabric it moves in. A photon with a particular level of energy, released into the cold fabric at the beginning of the breath cycle would have a higher frequency than it would if released in the fabric we live in.
- Gravity is caused by the graviton.
String/M theory proposes that because of certain symmetries that appear in our sub-atomic or quantum model, there must exist an experimentally unobserved particle which is the cause (or mechanism) of gravity. The graviton acts, at a distance, among all the matter in the universe constantly. Every atom pulling on every other across the whole universe, simultaneously. The force of this particle is not exerted instantly. But rather at the speed of light. (work on flow here)
Does it really seem plausible that there is a direct attachment between an atom in your finger and one on the moon? Or even on the other side of the room? Doesn't the idea required to make that work seem a bit too much like magic?
Doesn't it seem likely, there is a more realistic explanation for how gravity operates? Doesn't it seem more likely that atoms in a massive body act locally? And that the cumulative effect of a body's atoms drawing energy from the local fabric, is transmitted through the light fabric (at the speed of light, coincidentally) to other bodies in the vicinity of that body, and beyond? Just as the theory relativity describes? That theory has been experimentally verified countless times in practically every realm science has described. We haven't understood relativity at the quantum level yet, though. But rest assured, relativity operates there too. We've overlooked the mechanism of the space-time fabric in our models, up to this point. Ironically, the light force that evades detection as the unifying force of the recognized fundamental forces, in our experiments -- especially at the relativistic quantum level -- does so because, in a sense. Light is invisible.
- Matter is not light.
E=MC(2). If matter is not composed of light, Why then is it defined by an equation that contains the speed of light multiplied by itself? Why is light released in nuclear reactions? Is matter a different kind of energy that can convert itself into light?
- The fundamental forces(nuclear, electric/magnetism, gravity) act at a distance without physical contact.
This idea just seems too magic to take seriously. Einstein described how gravity works. Through the space-time fabric. That's the vehicle of inertia, motion and kinetic energy too.
All the forces are but different manifestations of light energy. A nucleus binds a quantity of light energy to itself. That bound light does the pushing and pulling required to hold the atom's electrons in place. All of it works through light touching light.
- The nucleus of an atom is 10000 times smaller than the size of an atom.
I have diary on relativity that describes why our model of the size of atomic nuclei is likely wrong, in more detail than I'll go into here. But briefly, the experiments we conduct in particle accelerators, create huge relativistic effects that distort our interpretation of the results. Trying to hit a single nucleus with matter moving at near the speed of light, pushes the target out of the way. If we are off target by even the tiniest amount, the target evades the bullet. Science has determined that relativity doesn't work at the quantum level. I don't think that's right. I think we just don't understand relativity at the quantum level yet.
- Atomic nuclei in elements don't have specific physical structure. They are spinning blobs and their properties are determined solely by the number of protons and neutrons they contain and the number of electrons they hold.
That model just doesn't give a satisfying explanation of the vastly different properties exhibited by elements next to each other on the periodic chart. Like:
Boron(5) and Carbon(6)
Neon(10) and Sodium(11)
Aluminum(13) and Silicon(14)
Silicon(14) and Phosphorus(15)
- Bond angles in molecules are determined by electron attraction/repulsion.
The theories describing why the elements bond at the angles they do, solely on the basis of the number of electrons in particular shells, and how they push and pull on each other, don't seem to be the whole picture.
The nuclear component of the light model has very specific rules for how Hawkrings can bind together in atomic nuclei. There are simple and obvious ways that they can combine. I've worked out the structure of the first 20 elements and a few select others. The structures all reflect the properties of the elements that science has determined. At least as far as I've been able to determine with internet research. There are pictures of some atomic structures in my Snowflake and Feynman diaries.
- Molecules only bond in a valent way, with two or more electrons. What could be called single-valent bonds, don't exist.
I don't see why the hydrogen bonds in water would remain that way when water turns to ice. A valent bond has to be much more structurally sound than a hydrogen bond. The fragility of hydrogen bonds is one of the properties that allows DNA to unfurl and reform. As water freezes and looses energy, it seems more likely that valent bonds involving a single electron would form. That change in bonds would be the reason ice acquires a less compact structure than water.
I've been told experiments have determined the hydrogen bonds in water do remain in snowflakes and all ice. But I haven't been able to find any descriptions of how that is determined. And it doesn't seem like it would be easy to detect. If anyone can enlighten me about this, I'd appreciate it.
- The chemical electron orbit level model.
In this model, some of the electrons of an atom exist on different energy levels, at a specific distance (or radius) from the nucleus of the atom. Under this model, only electrons in the outermost shell of electrons are able to interact with electrons of other atoms. The non-interacting electrons of an atom are contained underneath the interacting shell. That model works in some very limited ways, to explain specific experimental evidence. But the model doesn't come close to explaining the whole body of experimental evidence accumulated by the chemists. I don't think that model will ever give a satisfying explanation for what magnetism is, and how it works.